From The Verge: Water shortages loom over future semiconductor fabs in Arizona

By now we all know that water is one of the most precious commodities here in the desert. We can't live without this valuable natural resource that is increasingly getting 'monetized in the marketplace - a scarce commodity that can be extracted, bought and sold and traded.

INSERT: Extreme Drought (D3) - across much of central, southern, and western Arizona, as well as Southeast California
In Arizona: Maricopa, northern Pinal, southern Gila, La Paz, and Yuma counties

 

"Major semiconductor manufacturers looking to expand in Arizona will likely be spared from water cuts induced by an unprecedented water shortage in the Southwest, at least for now. . . 

As part of the scramble to end a shortage of another kind — the global dearth in semiconductor chips — both Intel and TSMC plan to open new facilities in Arizona. But they’re setting up shop just as one of the worst droughts in decades grows worse across the Western US.

A factory or “fab” for making semiconductors needs a lot of water

> A factory or “fab” for making semiconductors needs a lot of water to operate. It’ll guzzle between 2 to 4 million gallons of water a day by some estimates, using the water to cool down equipment and clean silicon wafers.

That’s about as much water as 13,698 to 27,397 Arizona residents might use in a day.

Fabs are also pretty picky when it comes to water quality, they need to use “ultra-pure” water to prevent any impurities from damaging the chips.

Water shortages loom over future semiconductor fabs in Arizona

Chipmakers are setting up shop in Arizona as drought worsens

By Justine Calma@justcalma Aug 18, 2021, 10:48am EDT

 

Federal authorities officially declared a shortage on the Colorado River for the first time ever this week, which will trigger water cuts in several states and Mexico starting January 1st, 2022.

 

 

How the planned water cuts shake out depends on who is given top priority under a complex set of water-sharing agreements. Arizona, with more junior rights to the water than other states it shares it with, will suffer the biggest cuts, losing about 8 percent of the total water it receives a year. But for now, those cuts will primarily affect agriculture, which used more than 70 percent of the state’s water in 2019. Water for tribes, municipal use, and industry are given higher priority in the state, shielding residents and companies unless a more severe water shortage is eventually declared at Lake Mead.

Industries in the state used up 6 percent of Arizona’s water in 2019, but that could grow as chipmakers and other manufacturers move in. In March, Intel announced that it will spend $20 billion to build two new semiconductor factories in Chandler, Arizona, an expansion of its existing campus there.

Arizona has been “vital” to Intel’s operations

Last year, the company pledged that by 2030 it will restore and return more freshwater than it uses. It’s nearing that benchmark in Arizona, where Intel says it cleaned up and returned 95 percent of the freshwater it used in 2020. It has its own water treatment plant at its Ocotillo campus in Chandler that’s similar to a municipal plant. There’s also a “brine reduction facility,” a public-private partnership with the city of Chandler, that brings 2.5 million gallons of Intel’s wastewater a day back to drinking standard. Intel uses some of the treated water again, and the rest is sent to replenish groundwater sources or be used by surrounding communities.

Chip manufacturing giant TSMC also has its eye on Arizona. In May 2020, the company announced plans to build a $12 billion new fab near Phoenix, which would be its first in Arizona and its second in the US (its first is in Washington state). TSMC could be planning to build up to six new fabs in Arizona over the next 10 to 15 years, Reuters reported earlier this year.

TSMC said in an email to The Verge that for now it doesn’t expect the water shortage to have “any impact” on its plan to build a new fab in Arizona, although it says it will “continue to monitor the water supply situation closely.”

Most of TSMC’s fabs are in Taiwan, where earlier this year the worst drought in more than 50 years threatened the already stressed supply chain for chips. TSMC plans to finish construction this year of a new water treatment plant in Taiwan that could eventually recycle enough water to supply half of the company’s daily needs, Nikkei Asia reported in April.

The state is expected to face some tough choices in the future

While Taiwan still dominates semiconductor manufacturing, Arizona is emerging as a new hub. The Biden administration has prioritized building up a domestic supply of semiconductor chips as the current shortage affects everything from cars to phones and game consoles. Two other companies, NXP and Microchip Inc., have fabs in the state also. NXP didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment from The Verge, and Microchip declined to comment.

While Intel recycles much of its water, more fabs will mean it will need to send even more water through its systems. The company says that Arizona has been “vital” to Intel’s operations for more than four decades. The state is already home to its first “mega-factory network” and its newest semiconductor fab. Intel used more than 5.2 billion gallons of water in Arizona in 2020 — roughly 20 percent of which was reclaimed water, according to its most recent corporate responsibility report.

Arizona is notoriously dry, which leaves it dependent on water-sharing agreements with other states. Arizona gets a hefty 38 percent of its water from the Colorado River, and with water from the river running low, the state is expected to face some tough choices in the future. The state has been in a drought since 1994, and climate change is making things worse. Now, the vast majority of Arizona faces a “severe” drought, according to the US Drought Monitor. "