Artificial intelligence can dramatically speed up
the painstaking work of tracking wildlife with remote cameras, cutting
analysis time from months or even a year to just days while producing
nearly the same scientific conclusions ...
A single-atom platinum catalyst lights ammonia at
200 °C and keeps it burning steadily at 1,100 °C with low NOx,
generating high-grade, carbon-free heat for steel, cement and chemicals.
Researchers have developed a sensor about the size
of a grain of rice that can measure forces and twisting motions in all
directions using light instead of traditional electronics. The new
sensor could help robotic tools ...
This week, researchers reported
that the human brain is capable of sophisticated language processing
while in an unconscious state during general anesthesia.
Linguists have uncovered a hidden bias in human
language;
A study revealed how psychedelics confer therapeutically
beneficial insights; a
Researchers reported on the connection between
mental health, interoception and the experience of time.
Safety first
Researchers have assumed since the 1950s that meaning in language is
divided into three emotional dimensions according to a framework called
VAD:
valence, or positive vs. negative;
arousal, or excited vs. calm;
dominance, or controlling vs. submissive.
In a new study,
researchers at the University of Vermont have upended that framework,
finding that language is not organized simply by emotion but by a
goodness-power-aggression-danger-structure (GPADS) circumplex framework.
Their analysis reveals a long-hidden factor: Language is biased toward safety.
They call their new method of analytics "ousiometrics," from a Greek
word for "essence." By analyzing large-scale, English-language texts to
measure their meaning, they derived an average meaning score. For
example, Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables" maps to a grid defined by the
opposing pairs dangerous/safe, weak/powerful, gentle/aggressive and
bad/good.
In linguistics, the so-called Pollyanna principle describes the
tendency of language to skew positive; in the study, the researchers
write,
"The Pollyanna principle's positivity bias is, in fact, a
one-dimensional projection of an underlying safety bias."
The
researchers speculate that if language does have a safety bias, the
evolution of human communication may have been influenced by pressures
that shaped survival.
Therapeutic tripping
As scientific investigation into psychedelics advances, researchers
have learned that psilocybin, the psychedelic compound in magic
mushrooms, confers long-term therapeutic effects on individuals with
depression, anxiety and addiction. These effects can last for at least
30 days after administration.
In a new study, researchers at UC San Francisco and Imperial College London now report that this is accompanied by likely anatomical brain changes that last for up to a month after the experience.
Volunteers in the study were healthy and had never previously taken
psychedelics. Brain entropy refers to the diversity of neural activity
occurring in the brain.
Researchers have linked this entropy to
experiences of insight.
While researchers have hoped to derive
non-psychedelic compounds to treat psychiatric disorders, the finding
suggests that the psychedelic trip itself is responsible for the brain
changes they observed.
"Our data shows that such experiences of
psychological insight relate to an entropic quality of brain activity
and how both are involved in causing subsequent improvements in mental
health. It suggests that the trip—and its correlates in the brain—is a
key component of how psychedelic therapy works," says co-author Robin
Carhart-Harris.
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Listen to your gut
Interoception is the sensory experience of your body's internal
state. Higher interoceptive awareness is linked with well-being and
emotional regulation.
But chronic anxiety, trauma or stress can mute
this awareness.
Researchers have found that people with higher awareness
of internal bodily signals have the healthiest sleep and digestion.
But
the relationship between interoceptive awareness and continuity of
consciousness is insufficiently understood.
> Scientists have suggested that this relationship may be connected to
the individual's time perspective—their personal orientation toward the
past, present and future. Researchers in Prague conducted a study
with 152 adults who completed validated measures of interoceptive
awareness, time perspective and self-rated indicators of somatic
experience including sleep quality and digestion.
>The volunteers with
the highest interoceptive awareness
reported better somatic functioning, and the association was partially
influenced by time perspective. They conclude that interoceptive
awareness and temporal orientation interact to maintain psychological
and physiological stability.
Written for you by our author Chris Packham, edited by Lisa Lock, and fact-checked and reviewed by Robert Egan—this article is the result of careful human work. We rely on readers like you to keep independent science journalism alive.
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Milan Janosov Intro: is a Data Scientist with a PhD in Network Science. His work covers building start-ups, advising companies, and popularizing data science.
He recently published his first books, was Forbes 30u30, an. . ."