Current treatments for these diseases are largely identical for men and women, but Edmands believes her study indicates this approach is often flawed.
Discovery of vast sex differences in cellular activity has major implications for disease treatment
- She refers not to human psychology, but rather to mitochondria, the cell components responsible for generating energy.
Although the study looks at tiny marine organisms called copepods, Edmands says the findings have weighty implications for human medicine:
"The mitochondrial genome of these animals is very much like ours—same genes, same functions and similar genome size."
Mitochondria behave differently in males and femalesScientists believe mitochondria originated as a single-cell organism that was engulfed by another about 1.5 billion years ago. Over time, these engulfed organisms evolved to specialize in energy production for their host cells.
- This symbiotic relationship has proven so beneficial that it has persisted through eons of evolution.
It has already been established that gene activity within mitochondria varies depending on an organism's sex.
But Edmands wanted to learn more about these differences between the sexes. Her study sought to identify which mitochondrial genes are most active in males and which are most active in females, and how these genes interact with nuclear genes in both sexes.
- To ensure she was observing sex differences caused by mitochondria, she studied a copepod species that lacks sex chromosomes.
- Sex chromosomes also cause differences between females and males, and these sex chromosome effects are hard to disentangle from sex-specific mitochondrial effects.
Edmands' group is the first to test effects of all 37 genes in the mitochondrial genome—genes that copepods and humans share.
- She found that males demonstrate more activity across all protein-coding mitochondrial genes than females.
- Males also exhibit higher expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes that interact with each other to affect energy metabolism in cells.
- Females, on the other hand, have higher expression of genes linked specifically to producing and maintaining mitochondria.
Why are these differences significant?
Moreover, the mitochondrial and nuclear genes that interacted were almost completely different between the sexes.
Guidance for mitochondrial diseases
Edmands says the findings can help inform approaches to treating mitochondrial diseases in humans, particularly mitochondrial replacement therapy. This technique involves replacing defective mitochondria in a mother's egg with healthy mitochondria from a donor.
"Our results show that swapping in a different mitochondrial type is not like changing a battery," she says. "Mismatches between the donor mitochondria and nuclear DNA can have sex-specific repercussions throughout the genome."
Understanding which nuclear and mitochondrial genes interact, and the differences in those interactions between males and females, could help clinicians select the right type of mitochondria to ensure greater success with these therapies.
In future studies, Edmands hopes to use additional methods to investigate sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function. She believes her study design, which avoids sex chromosomes, may also prompt other scientists to engage in similar research.
"I believe scientists will find this a particularly convincing demonstration of sex-specific mitochondrial effects on gene expression because it isn't confounded by sex chromosome effects," she said.
More information: Ning Li et al, The role of mitochondria in sex- and age-specific gene expression in a species without sex chromosomes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321267121
Provided by University of Southern California
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