22 May 2023

IT'S NOT OVER UNTIL IT'S OVER: US states agree breakthrough deal to prevent Colorado River from drying up???

The agreement was the result of months of negotiation, the according to the governors of California, Nevada and Arizona...the state leaders acknowledged in a joint press release that the work isn't over with this agreement and the threats to the Colorado River will continue past 2026.

Graph of historical and projected water use and demand along the Colorado River. Figure 18. Historical and projected water use and demand along the Colorado River.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Colorado River Factsheet.

  • The vast amount of water conservation will take place in exchange for about $1 billion in federal funding.
  • The Interior Department has pledged $281 million for 21 water recycling projects, up to $233 million in water conservation funding for the Gila River Indian Community, more than $73 million for infrastructure repairs on water delivery systems, $71 million for 32 drought resiliency projects to expand access to water through groundwater storage, rainwater harvesting, aquifer recharge and water treatment and $20 million in new small surface and groundwater storage investments.

US states agree breakthrough deal to prevent Colorado River from drying up

California, Arizona and Nevada strike deal with US government to take about 13% less water from drought-stricken river

"A deal has been struck by Joe Biden’s administration for California, Arizona and Nevada to take less water from the drought-stricken Colorado River, in a bid to prevent the river dwindling further and imperiling the water supplies for millions of people and vast swaths of agricultural land in the US west.

The agreement, announced on Monday, will involve the three states, water districts, Native American tribes and farm operators cutting about 13% of the total water use in the lower Colorado basin, a historic reduction that will probably trigger significant water restrictions on the region’s residents and farmland. . .The agreement averts, for now, the prospect of the Biden administration imposing unilateral water cuts upon the seven states – California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming – that rely upon the river, a prospect that has loomed since last summer when the waterway’s two main reservoirs, Lake Mead and Lake Powell, hit perilously low levels.

“Today’s announcement is a testament to the Biden-Harris administration’s commitment to working with states, tribes and communities throughout the west to find consensus solutions in the face of climate change and sustained drought,” said Deb Haaland, the US interior secretary.

Harnessing the might of the Colorado river, which rises in the Rocky mountains and flows all the way to Mexico, has enabled cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix and Las Vegas to flourish, as well as allowing millions of acres of agricultural land to be cultivated in otherwise harsh desert environments. More than 40m people rely upon the water the 1,450-mile river provides.

But the enormous extraction of water, mainly for farming, coupled with the climate crisis, which has increased the evaporation of water and reduced the snowpack that feeds the river, has caused a crisis point for the river and US west. The region is experiencing its worst drought in 1,200 years, with this year’s bumper rain and snowfall not expected to fully release the grip of a two-decade “megadrought”. 

. . .Any further drop – Lake Mead is only about a third full and is at its lowest ebb since the construction of the Hoover Dam, which created it – could see the drying up of the Colorado river south of the reservoir, which feeds the lower basin states – Nevada, California and Arizona."

LINK: The Guardian 

RELATED 

Sizing up Colorado River Water Fight

Arizona Farms' Crop Choices at Center of Colorado River Basin Water Dispute

Todd Neeley
By  Todd Neeley , DTN Staff Reporter
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Farmers in the Colorado River basin are at the center of efforts to reduce water use in the basin where drought persists. (Photo courtesy of University of Arizona Geological Survey)
Farmers in the Colorado River basin are at the center of efforts to reduce water use in the basin where drought persists. (Photo courtesy of University of Arizona Geological Survey)

LINCOLN, Neb. (DTN) -- With Arizona facing a 21% cut in Colorado River water allocations from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation this year, an expert in water policy at Arizona State University said April 25 she's hopeful farmers won't be expected to alter their operations as the region grapples with declining water levels.

On April 24, the bureau opened bypass tubes at Glen Canyon Dam to allow three days of high-water flow from Lake Powell through the Grand Canyon. Arizona is in the middle of its longest drought in about 1,200 years.

Sarah Porter, director of the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University's Morrison Institute for Public Policy, said during a Farm Foundation seminar on water rights this week that Arizona farmers are facing increasing pressure to cut usage.

Agriculture accounts for nearly three-fourths of consumptive water use in the basin and that puts farmers squarely in the spotlight.

This has sparked public debate and discussion about a perceived need for farmers to move away from crops that require a lot of water.

The current cut in water to Arizona comes on top of an 18% reduction in 2022 with farmers feeling the brunt of those cuts.

"There's a very heated conversation currently in the state of Arizona about the use of groundwater for farming and particularly the use of groundwater for growing alfalfa," Porter said.

"Alfalfa is really being demonized here in Arizona. The reason is that the choice of growing alfalfa by a farmer is a rational choice based on a farmer's water rights and water availability based on a healthy market. The conversation is very misplaced. It would be worrisome if someone other than the grower -- who's the expert on the crop choice -- was making a call about what to grow. If we have a problem with the amount of water that's allocated to farmers, then let's work on that problem but not focus on crop choices."

HEIGHTENED CONTROVERSY

Agriculture water use in Arizona has seen heightened controversy in recent months.

It was learned Saudi Arabia-owned alfalfa farms were pumping high volumes of groundwater in La Paz County and sending alfalfa to Saudi Arabia to feed dairy cows. That part of the state receives, on average, about 4 to 5 inches of rain annually. The state revoked the farms' well permits this week.

The debate on how to manage water in the Colorado River basin is coming down to be between cities -- lower-priority users -- and higher-priority users in agriculture, Porter said.

There are arguments being made that farmers should be compelled to leave water in the system because hydrologic systems need to have water, she said.

"And so, there's a theory that the Bureau of Reclamation has kind of an emergency authority to keep water running in the system, even if that water would be delivered to lower-priority users," Porter said.

"There's an argument that there's health and safety sort of theory that the Bureau of Reclamation could deliver water to users if their health and safety depended on it, even if those deliveries would not be consistent with priority. And finally, and I think maybe more interesting in this conversation is an argument that some agricultural uses of water are wasting water, in the legal term, (and) don't qualify as beneficial use."

The Colorado River Compact

The Colorado River flows almost 1500 km from its headwaters in Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico, through Nevada, Arizona, and California, before crossing the border to Mexico and flowing to the Gulf of California. It is the lifeblood of the American Southwest, serving almost 30 million people and enabling cities, industry, and irrigation-based agriculture to thrive in one of the direst climates on Earth (see Figure 1 in Module 8.2). The river also provides hydroelectric power that spurred much of the 20th century development of the Southwestern U.S.

In 1922, these seven western states and the federal government negotiated an agreement, the Colorado River Compact (Figure 15) to allocate water rights on the river. First and foremost the compact partitioned water between Utah, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Colorado (the Upper Basin States) where most of its discharge originates as snowmelt); and Arizona, Nevada, and California (the Lower Basin States), where population growth and water demand were increasing rapidly (Figure 16).

LINK: Materials

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