Around 2500 BCE, Mohenjo-daro housed up to 40,000 people in a perfect grid built from millions of standardized baked bricks. It had granaries, the Great Bath, and a covered drainage system more advanced than many cities that followed centuries later.
Then it vanished without violence. No burnt walls, no weapons, no flood layer. Around 1900-1700 BCE, the entire Indus urban network collapsed at once.
- Recent climate data shows a 900-year mega-drought weakened the monsoon and dried the Ghaggar-Hakra, forcing a quiet, disputed exodus that ended one of the world's first urban experiments.
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