28 February 2024

ORGANIZING DAYS:

 The Julian calendar gained a day about every 134 years. By 1582, it was ten days out of alignment from where it supposedly had been in 325 during the Council of Nicaea.
The Gregorian calendar was soon adopted by most Catholic countries (e.g., Spain, Portugal, Poland, most of Italy). 
  • Protestant countries followed later, and the countries of Eastern Europe adopted the "new calendar" even later. 
  • In the British Empire (including the American colonies), Wednesday 2 September 1752 was followed by Thursday 14 September 1752. 
  • For 12 years from 1700 Sweden used a modified Julian calendar, and adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753, but Russia remained on the Julian calendar until 1918 (1 February became14 February), while 
  • Greece continued to use it until 1 March 1923 (Gregorian).[97]
Since the Julian and Gregorian calendars were long used simultaneously, although in different places, calendar dates in the transition period are often ambiguous, unless it is specified which calendar was being used. In some circumstances, double dates might be used, one in each calendar. The notation "Old Style" (O.S.) is sometimes used to indicate a date in the Julian calendar, as opposed to "New Style" (N.S.), which either represents the Julian date with the start of the year as 1 January or a full mapping onto the Gregorian calendar. This notation is used to clarify dates from countries which continued to use the Julian calendar after the Gregorian reform, such as Great Britain, which did not switch to the reformed calendar until 1752, or Russia, which did not switch until 1918.
From the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
October 15, 1582 Double Dating – Historical Easter Eggs – Today in History

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THE JULIAN CALENDAR

"They look at the years and they count, one, two, three, four," says Parish. "And then they start counting again at four – so they count four, five, six, seven. Then they start at seven – so seven, eight, nine, 10. So they're accidentally double-counting one of those years each time. It doesn't take long to realise that slippage is starting to occur."

This was corrected in the reign of Augustus and leap years happened every four years instead of every three, and then the Julian calendar was well on its way. "Julius Caesar is getting it almost bang on where the calendar needs to be," says Parish.

It might have been the only calendar needed for the job, if the Earth did in fact do a neat extra quarter-turn each year. But it's a little bit short – by about 11 minutes.

"That means slowly but surely we're still running out of sync," says Brown.

Why Julius Caesar's Year of Confusion was the longest year in history

By Martha HenriquesFeatures correspondent@Martha_Rosamund

Why Julius Caesar's Year of Confusion was the longest year in history
The solution came much later, in 1582 when Pope Gregory made further tweaks.
THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR
  • "That's what the Gregorian calendar reform then corrected for – noting this and adapting that calendar slightly more so, making sure that it is not only just every four years, but then every 100 years they make sure that they skip that rule," says Brown. 
  • "But then they noted that doesn't fully match – you've overcompensated. So every 400 years, you don't skip it.
  • "That's why, for example, the year 2000 was a leap year: because it is divisible by both 100 and 400.
"That all sounds really neat and tidy," says Parish – but this is where politics starts to shape the course of time. 
  • "It's a calendar that's implemented by Papal decree and that actually doesn't have authority outside the Church and outside the auspices of the Bishop of Rome."

There were people who complained that the Pope effectively stole 10 or 11 days of their time by adjusting the calendar, says Parish. Nonetheless, over the centuries more and more countries adopt the Gregorian calendar. "But, gloriously, they don't all do it at the same time," says Parish. "So you've tidied up the calendar, but you've now got calendars in different countries that are running on very different models."

Read more about the people who live in multiple timelines.

Because of this discrepancy, "you can have the most bizarre situation where a reply written in England to a letter that's arrived from Spain can look as though it was sent before the first letter from Spain arrived", says Parish. 
"Because England is running ahead of Spain on the calendar."

Once the Gregorian calendar was widely adopted and internationally synchronised, it had several millennia of accuracy built in. But it's still not perfect.

In fact, around the middle of the 56th Century, "somebody is going to scratch their head and say, 'Hang on a minute, it should be Monday, but it's actually looking like Tuesday'," says Parish. "I think that's probably a margin of error that we're going to end up accepting."

Until that Monday (or Tuesday), the Gregorian calendar has at least bought us a bit of time.

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How Julius Caesar Created The Longest Year In History, Defining January 1 –  The Future Leadership Institute

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Julius Caesar: He Came, He Saw, He Conquered the Calendar and Gave Us New  Year's Day | Snopes.com
46 BC Was the Longest Recorded Year in Human History | Lessons from History
Why do we leap day? We remind you (so you can forget for another 4 years) -  OPB
How does leap day work? Your every-four-years refresher : NPR

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